REST web application with Struts2.1 Rest and Convention plugins

Posted on January 28, 2009 by Zulutown Webmaster

The sample application developed in this tutorial will handle a simple message system, where it’s possible to read, add and remove messages.
So, the basic bean will be defined in the Message class:

package com.zulutown.struts2.rest;

public class Message {
	private String id;
	private String text;
	private String author;

	public Message() {
		super();
	}

	public Message(String id, String text, String author) {
		super();
		this.id = id;
		this.text = text;
		this.author = author;
	}

	public String getId() {
		return id;
	}

	public void setId(String id) {
		this.id = id;
	}

	public String getText() {
		return text;
	}

	public void setText(String text) {
		this.text = text;
	}

	public String getAuthor() {
		return author;
	}
	public void setAuthor(String author) {
		this.author = author;
	}

	public int hashCode() {
		final int prime = 31;
		int result = 1;
		result = prime * result + ((id == null) ? 0 : id.hashCode());
		return result;
	}

	public boolean equals(Object obj) {
		if (this == obj)
			return true;
		if (obj == null)
			return false;
		if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
			return false;
		Message other = (Message) obj;
		if (id == null) {
			if (other.id != null)
				return false;
		} else if (!id.equals(other.id))
			return false;
		return true;
	}
}

The message will be identified by the id property and will contain its text and its author in the other two class properties.

The next step is to setup a basic business service that will handle the basic operations on the messages: find, save, remove and so on. In a real world application this service would be a singleton that interacts with a database (through JDBC or JPA) but in this little demo the data model is just a very basic (and ugly) Map kept in a static property of the Message class.

package com.zulutown.struts2.rest;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

public class MessageService {

	public static Map messages = new HashMap();
	private static int nextMessageId = 4;

	static {
		Message message1 = new Message("1", "hello", "john");
		Message message2 = new Message("2", "world", "ted");
		Message message3 = new Message("3", "rest", "sam");
		messages.put("1", message1);
		messages.put("2", message2);
		messages.put("3", message3);
	}

	public static List findAll() {
		return new ArrayList(messages.values());
	}

	public static Message find(String id) {
		return messages.get(id);
	}

	public static void save(Message message) {
		if (message.getId() == null) {
			String id = String.valueOf(nextMessageId);
			message.setId(id);
			nextMessageId++;
		}
		messages.put(message.getId(), message);
	}

	public static void remove(String id) {
		messages.remove(id);
	}
}

In messages it is stored the data and the static initializer of the MessageService class will populate the data model with three messages.
Then, some utility methods are provided: findAll() to retrieve all the messages, find(String id) to retrieve a message with a specific id, save(Message message) to add (or update) a message in the data model and, finally, a remove method to delete a specific message.

Until now, this tutorial is not related at all with Struts 2.1, but now it is required to add a “web layer” to the application, and the REST capabilities provided by Struts2 will be used.

The first task is to add to the Web application the .jar libraries of Struts2. Those files must be placed into /WEB-INF/lib (in WebContent) that is the standard location where a Java Web Application expects to find its dependencies.

Download from the Struts website the archives with the libraries for Struts 2.1.x (currently the GA release is 2.1.6), unpack it, and copy & paste the following jars in /WEB-INF/lib/ of your project.

commons-beanutils-1.7.0.jar
commons-collections-3.2.jar
commons-fileupload-1.2.1.jar
commons-io-1.3.2.jar
commons-lang-2.3.jar
commons-logging-1.0.4.jar
ezmorph-1.0.3.jar
freemarker-2.3.13.jar
json-lib-2.1.jar
ognl-2.6.11.jar
struts2-convention-plugin-2.1.6.jar
struts2-core-2.1.6.jar
struts2-rest-plugin-2.1.6.jar
xpp3_min-1.1.3.4.O.jar
xstream-1.2.2.jar
xwork-2.1.2.jar

Two Struts2 plugins are used:

Rest Plugin
Convention Plugin

First of all create at the root of the src directory the struts.xml file:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
    "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.1//EN"
    "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.1.dtd">

<struts>
    <constant name="struts.convention.package.locators" value="rest"/>  
    <constant name="struts.convention.action.suffix" value="Controller"/>
    <constant name="struts.convention.action.mapAllMatches" value="true"/>
    <constant name="struts.convention.default.parent.package" value="rest-default"/>
</struts>

Convention plugin makes possible to map classes and methods on automatically generated URLs. It is not required the manual “wiring” usually done in the struts.xml configuration file that, in this case, contains just a few lines of configuration. The property struts.convention.package.locators defines the package name where the Convention plugin will look for Struts2 Actions and Controllers, then with struts.convention.action.suffix it is specified that just the classes with the Controller suffix will be automatically mapped. The REST controller that’s going to be defined in the next step, will have the name MessagesController and will be contained in the package com.zulutown.struts2.rest, then it will match both the configurations described above. Given this configuration, the list of the messages in XML format will be accessible through an HTTP GET method on http://localhost:8080/Struts2-Rest/messages.xml, and to obtain the JSON messages list, it’s enough to call the HTTP GET method on http://localhost:8080/Struts2-Rest/messages.json. Simple, isn’t? Now, the simple code of the Controller class that will handle the REST requests:

package com.zulutown.struts2.rest;

import java.util.Collection;
import org.apache.struts2.rest.DefaultHttpHeaders;
import org.apache.struts2.rest.HttpHeaders;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ModelDriven;

public class MessagesController implements ModelDriven<Object> {

	private static final long serialVersionUID = 89268916175477696L;
	private Message model = new Message();
	private String id;
	private Collection<Message> list;

	public HttpHeaders create() {
		MessageService.save(model);
		return new DefaultHttpHeaders("create");
	}

	public HttpHeaders destroy() {
		return new DefaultHttpHeaders("destroy");
	}

	public HttpHeaders show() {
		return new DefaultHttpHeaders("show").disableCaching();
	}

	public HttpHeaders update() {
		MessageService.save(model);
		return new DefaultHttpHeaders("update");
	}

	public HttpHeaders index() {
		list = MessageService.findAll();
		return new DefaultHttpHeaders("index").disableCaching();;
	}

	public Object getModel() {
		return (list != null ? list : model);
	}

	public String getId() {
		return id;
	}

	public void setId(String id) {
		if (id != null) {
			this.model = MessageService.find(id);
		}
		this.id = id;
	}
}

In the Struts2 REST plugin, the method name (in the the Controller class) identifies which kind of operation should be executed on specific HTTP requests.

HTTP GET method on http://localhost:8080/Struts2-Rest/messages.xml calls index() and provides the list of all the messages (in the model property of the controller).

The result is:

<list>
  <com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
    <id>3</id>
    <text>rest</text>
    <author>sam</author>
  </com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
  <com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
    <id>2</id>
    <text>world</text>
    <author>ted</author>
  </com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
  <com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
    <id>1</id>
    <text>hello</text>
    <author>john</author>
  </com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
</list>

HTTP GET method on http://localhost:8080/Struts2-Rest/messages/2.xml calls setId("2") (that loads in the model property the Message identified by the provided id) then show().

The result is:

<com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
  <id>2</id>
  <text>world</text>
  <author>ted</author>
</com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>

The previous two methods are easy to call with the browser but, to test the other HTTP methods, it’s better to use the Firefox plugin Poster.

HTTP POST method on http://localhost:8080/Struts2-Rest/messages.xml injects into model a new message, then calls create() that persists it.

In the poster dialog box, the URL must be http://localhost:8080/Struts2-Rest/messages.xml with POST action. In Content to Send it’s required to insert the XML entity for the new message (without specifying its id, because it will be automatically generated by MessageService).

  <com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
    <text>new text</text>
    <author>new author</author>
  </com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>

Rest - HTTP Post

HTTP PUT method on http://localhost:8080/Struts2-Rest/messages/2.xml calls setId("2") (that causes the loading of the existing message with id=2 in the model property) then, depending on which fields are specified in the XML, those message properties are modified and finally a call to update() saves the updated message.

In the poster dialog box, the URL must be http://localhost:8080/Struts2-Rest/messages/2.xml with PUT action. In Content to Send it’s required to insert the XML entity for the fields to edit (the unspecified fields will keep the previous values).

  <com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
    <text>updated text</text>
  </com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>

Rest - HTTP Put

After the POST and PUT calls, the data structure will look like this:

<list>
  <com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
    <id>3</id>
    <text>rest</text>
    <author>sam</author>
  </com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
  <com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
    <id>2</id>
    <text>updated text</text>
    <author>ted</author>
  </com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
  <com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
    <id>1</id>
    <text>hello</text>
    <author>john</author>
  </com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
  <com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
    <id>4</id>
    <text>new text</text>
    <author>new author</author>
  </com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message>
</list>

In this tutorial all the URLs refer to xml content type, but it’s possible to use json just changing URLs from messages.xml to messages.json or messages/2.xml to messages/2.json.

I hope this tutorial has given a simple and easy introduction to the REST capabilities of Struts2.1. Please leave your comments and feedback.

74 thoughts on “REST web application with Struts2.1 Rest and Convention plugins”

rebyk on February 23, 2009 at 1:25 am said:

Hi, and thanks for tutorial!

struts.xml contents seems to be missing. I am new to Struts and REST and thus unable to create it myself.

Reply ↓
- Zulutown Webmaster on March 24, 2009 at 2:58 am said:
  
  I’m sorry.
  Now I fixed it.
  
  Reply ↓
jsled on February 27, 2009 at 10:01 am said:

Where are the URLs linking these resources?

2 is not a url, and given the structure, here, it’s not even a valid relative url … if I get /messages.xml and get a relative URL of “2” back, the resulting computed URL would be /2, not /2.xml or /messages/2.xml.

I don’t think you yet understand HTTP, let alone REST.

Struts is inherently anti-HTTP. If you want to do RESTful stuff, you best move away from it.

Reply ↓
xnpeng on March 22, 2009 at 6:03 pm said:

Nice work! Thank you.

Reply ↓
RaiulBaztepo on March 29, 2009 at 5:01 am said:

Hello!
Very Interesting post! Thank you for such interesting resource!
PS: Sorry for my bad english, I’v just started to learn this language 😉
See you!
Your, Raiul Baztepo

Reply ↓
robonoob on April 27, 2009 at 8:30 pm said:

Nice work!

I am thinking about returning part of the list instead of full list for the action “index”. How can I pass in more than one parameters?

Reply ↓
guillermov on May 27, 2009 at 9:51 am said:

Thanks you for this very well explained tutorial. So for most purposes we can use this instead of the paramsPrepareParams to manage CRUD right?

G

Reply ↓
Alexkk on June 8, 2009 at 10:49 pm said:

I follow your tutorial and work great !

Btw, is it possible to change

3
rest
sam

…

to

3
rest
sam

2
updated text
ted

Reply ↓
Alexkk on June 8, 2009 at 10:53 pm said:

is it possible to change

com.zulutown.struts2.rest.Message to Message instead.

Thanks

Reply ↓
Greenender on July 15, 2009 at 7:05 am said:

In my opinion the setId method shows an antipattern:

public void setId(String id) {
if (id != null) {
this.model = MessageService.find(id);
}
this.id = id;
}

A setter should set a property and nothing else. This additionally gets and sets another object. In my opinion this can be confusing.

I would rather move the line:
this.model = MessageService.find(id);
to other methods, where it is needed.

Reply ↓
- Zulutown Webmaster on July 16, 2009 at 2:31 am said:
  
  Yes, I agree with You, I quickly wrote the tutorial and I don’t even like Setters that do more things that just their “setters job”
  
  Reply ↓
Mariusz on July 30, 2009 at 2:53 am said:

Hi!

I’m using this plugin and it is very nice!

But how to mass multiple parameters?

Let’s say I have users and want to pass their ID and NAME parameter to URL ?!

like: /users/1/john

Please help!

Reply ↓
Srini on October 5, 2009 at 10:15 pm said:

Can we use RESTful only for certain URLs and use old way URLs for the remaining links?

Reply ↓
Sanjay Bharatiya on October 12, 2009 at 5:01 am said:

Hello,

I am new to struts2-rest and I am trying to create RESTful WS using this example. I have followed the exact steps given here (have done nothing extra). But I have not been able to get the expected result as shown here.

I guess this article is missing some files/configurations (the project or any xml file).

Can someone please help me with this? If there are any extra steps to be followed, can you please explain/mention?

Thanks,

Sanjay

Reply ↓
- NC on August 24, 2010 at 10:52 am said:
  
  File web.xml is missing in the article.
  
  Reply ↓
gervais on December 7, 2009 at 9:14 am said:

Hello,

I already have some REST services that also use content negotiation based on the Htpp Accept header but not on file extension.
Also I haven’t file names. To create a “resource” users must do a POST on “http://server/resource”
Can I use the Struts-Rest plugin with thes conditions ?

Thanks

Reply ↓
SV on January 26, 2010 at 10:47 pm said:

can we not specify a proper structure for list.xml.. like we get elements….
instead

elemnets..

Reply ↓
tenebaul Lee on June 21, 2010 at 3:41 am said:

rest-plugin can do a good job, with it my app works without any xml configuration files or annotations; spring-plugin can also do a good job, with its IoC business components are under well-controlled. But what a frustration, they can not work together, why? how should i do with them? thanks.

Reply ↓
tenebaul Lee on June 21, 2010 at 3:42 am said:

my google id: tenebaul@gmail.com

Reply ↓
Venkat on June 22, 2010 at 11:45 pm said:

Thank u….good explanation….

Reply ↓
Ajaya Sahoo on April 7, 2011 at 7:03 am said:

Hi!

I’m using this plugin.

But how to mass multiple parameters?

Let’s say I have users and want to pass their ID and NAME parameter to URL ?

like: /users/1/john

Any help?

Reply ↓
- Rashid on August 31, 2011 at 1:25 am said:
  
  I am also interested in this issue and I will be very happy if anyone can help.
  
  Reply ↓
Hak on November 24, 2011 at 2:02 am said:

I had a problem. But when I added this web.xml, it started to work. Hope will help))

Struts 2 Rest Example

action2
org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter

action2
/*

Anyway good example. Thank you!!!

Reply ↓
- Hak on November 24, 2011 at 2:06 am said:
  
  Couldn’t post my comment with html special chars ((
  
  Reply ↓
Sonjoy on June 7, 2012 at 3:59 am said:

Please post the whole project as an attachment, as we can understand better on it.

Reply ↓
Crass on December 26, 2012 at 12:19 am said:

Request you to please post a war with sources for the project as it would help the beginners.

Tried integrating it in an existing struts 2 project using struts 2.2.3 library but getting some error message as :

SEVERE: Exception starting filter struts2
[unknown location]
..
…

Caused by: struts.apache.org – [unknown location]
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.DomHelper.parse(DomHelper.java:123)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.providers.XmlConfigurationProvider.loadConfigurationFiles(XmlConfigurationProvider.java:830)
… 25 more
Caused by: java.net.UnknownHostException: struts.apache.org

Reply ↓
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Crass on December 26, 2012 at 2:56 am said:

Added the jar files but still getting … 25 more
Caused by: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: Document is invalid: no grammar found.

Reply ↓
Nirvana on July 8, 2013 at 3:53 am said:

Hi All,

Thanks for the tutorial.

I’m new to webservices. can anyone please help me running the above example.
Done everything as suggested, but unable to run the application.

Thanks in advance

Regards,
Nirvana

Reply ↓
binu on July 22, 2013 at 11:04 pm said:

hi….
I m having a problem with struts2 rest post method …

post method is not return anything.it comes as empty in the browser.

But for the same business get method return the json data….
how to solve this problem……

Reply ↓
Thomas on September 11, 2013 at 11:59 pm said:

I followed this tutorial letter for letter and it does not work. Not very useful.

Reply ↓
Thomas on September 11, 2013 at 11:59 pm said:

I followed this tutorial letter for letter and it does not work. Not very useful.

Reply ↓
Sakari on March 17, 2014 at 5:11 am said:

Followed this tutorial and found it extremely helpful. Thank you very much.. appreciated! 😀

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Usefull stuff

Reply ↓
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Orval Lindskog on October 21, 2018 at 11:07 am said:

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bussiness on March 20, 2019 at 8:39 pm said:

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Junior on June 10, 2019 at 5:48 am said:

How we are mapping the requests like edit, delete, create along with created JSPs. I am new to struts and restful web-services. Could you please guide me with a detailed flow of execution. Thanks a lot.

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Optimum on June 23, 2023 at 1:51 pm said:

adversary’s capacity to adapt to such

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Optimum on June 23, 2023 at 1:56 pm said:

an environment.” The disclosures

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Optimum on June 23, 2023 at 2:09 pm said:

stole the initiative from the Russian

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Optimum on June 23, 2023 at 2:17 pm said:

military, forcing Russian leaders to

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Optimum on June 23, 2023 at 2:21 pm said:

have to constantly reobserve and reorient

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Optimum on June 23, 2023 at 2:22 pm said:

to what was occurring in the information environment.

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Optimum on June 23, 2023 at 2:30 pm said:

This bought valuable time for Ukraine

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